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CASE / 2026 · Anonymized Clean energy · Real-time infrastructureCODE · GSFA-2026-EV-001

Smart battery swap
platform for EVs

Turn “hunting for a charger” into Real-time dispatch8 → 3 minLive in 28 cities100k+ users99% uptimeAI-driven decisionsAI-driven decisions.

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0
Cities live
0k+
Active users
0k/day
Daily swap requests
0.0%
System uptime
Battery home screen
USER · Battery home
LIVEBMS-551055
100%
SOH
SOC
92%
V
71.9
°C
25.7
Network28 cities
128,420/day
Daily Swaps
SHENZHENGUANGZHOUHANGZHOUSHANGHAICHENGDUCHONGQINGXI'ANWUHANCHANGSHANANJINGSUZHOUNINGBOXIAMENFUZHOUTIANJINBEIJINGQINGDAOJINANZHENGZHOUHEFEINANCHANGGUIYANGKUNMINGNANNINGFOSHANDONGGUANWUXIWENZHOUSHENZHENGUANGZHOUHANGZHOUSHANGHAICHENGDUCHONGQINGXI'ANWUHANCHANGSHANANJINGSUZHOUNINGBOXIAMENFUZHOUTIANJINBEIJINGQINGDAOJINANZHENGZHOUHEFEINANCHANGGUIYANGKUNMINGNANNINGFOSHANDONGGUANWUXIWENZHOU
01 · PROJECT BACKGROUND

The hard part isn't building one swap cabinet.
It's keeping every cabinet across the country stable at the same time.

The client operates a battery swap business with existing cabinets, battery inventory, and a market operations team. As the network expanded to 28 cities, devices became isolated — state could not sync in real time, the user flow grew complex, and peak loads destabilized the system.

REAL-TIME IOT NETWORK 99.2% Uptime

Behind every swap sits a city-scale IoT network running in real time.

Scan → open → swap → close looks like four steps. Underneath, the system handles battery identification, SoC / SoH sync, cabinet door control, order creation, billing, and cloud telemetry — all at once.

IoT swap network covering 28 cities
Existing assets
Swap cabinets · Batteries · Ops team
Existing pain
Device silos · State out of sync
Peak risk
Command latency · Door faults
Project goal
Devices · Users · Orders · Data
“What breaks the system isn't a single device — it's growth at scale.”
— Client EV project lead · Project retro
02 · WHY GENERIC ADMIN BACKENDS FAILED

The client tried IoT consoles, generic SaaS, and device management systems,
but the real business chain pushes against every system at once.

EV battery swap is a real-time infrastructure problem. It spans users, batteries, IoT devices, payments, ops, analytics, and city-level operations all at the same time.

P-01

Users see a cabinet. The operator runs a live IoT network.

  • Battery identification
  • SoC / SoH state sync
  • Device online status
  • Cabinet door control
  • User orders
  • Account billing
  • Cloud telemetry
IMPACT

Any single failure cascades straight into the user experience.

P-02

The real risk shows up when device count scales.

  • Hundreds of thousands of devices on the wire
  • High-frequency real-time data sync
  • High-concurrency order requests
  • Multi-city ops management
IMPACT

At peak: command latency, battery state drift, and unresponsive cabinet doors.

P-03

Some devices can't even talk back.

  • Power and receive-only commands
  • No outbound state updates
  • Battery returns cannot be confirmed
  • Door close events cannot be confirmed
IMPACT

The business loop never closes end-to-end.

03 · OUR APPROACH

We didn't build “another admin console.”
We treated it as real-time infrastructure.

Translate the business problem into a system problem, then into a product shape. That sequence is how Wavesteam approaches every project.

DIAGNOSE

Translate business pain into system problems

Map the real chain, find the bottlenecks. Decide where things are stuck before deciding what to build.

MODEL

Model around real-time data

Abstract devices, users, orders, and money flow into a unified event model — the shared language for every downstream system.

DELIVER

Engineering delivery that evolves

MVP → launch → retro → iterate, with blue-green deploys, canary releases, and observability baked in.

04 · ONE BATTERY SWAP, END-TO-END

One swap, 5 stages
, moving from manual habit to real-time automation.

We walked a real (anonymized) user through the full swap flow and mapped each step to an actual mini program screen.

01
STEP 01

Find a cabinet

Store / cabinet map
Store / cabinet map
BEFOREPaper notes / word of mouth
NEWStore map + live cabinet status
02
STEP 02

Scan & identify

Pick a swap slot
Pick a swap slot
BEFOREManual device status check
NEWAutomatic device and account validation
03
STEP 03

Order & pay

Payment confirmation
Payment confirmation
BEFORELocal records · error-prone
NEWMulti-system sync · coupons · WeChat Pay
04
STEP 04

Battery identification

BMS detail
BMS detail
BEFOREBasic battery read
NEWSoC / SoH / cycle count streamed in real time
05
STEP 05

Exceptions & rollback

Automated exception loop
Automated exception loop
BEFOREManual intervention · slow refunds
NEWAutomatic alerts + 1–3 business day auto-refund
PEAK-HOUR SCENARIO

Evening peak: thousands of riders swap at once — the system has to do six things in milliseconds.

User auth
Battery ID
Device telemetry
Order creation
Commission settlement
Data sync

Backed by a private comms protocol, Kafka queues, async command scheduling, and redundant state checks, the platform sustains hundreds of thousands of daily swap requests.

RESULT
Swap time
8 min3 min
-62%
Incident handling
4 h16 min
-93%

“We used to manage devices. Now the system runs like a city-scale energy network.”

05 · CAPABILITY CHAINS

The work breaks into 5 core capability chains
, from IoT comms all the way to AI-driven decisions.

Each chain maps to a real subsystem. The cards below pair the UI, live metrics, and the design decisions that mattered.

STEP 01

Real-time IoT device comms

IoT gateway + private protocol + MQTT / TCP keeps swap cabinets online, syncs battery state, dispatches commands in real time, and tracks device health.

Devices online
0units
Heartbeat latency
< 200ms
Protocols
MQTT · TCPprivate
SZHZCDGATEWAYCabinetBatteryUser
STEP 02

Smart battery state management

Real-time sync of SoC, SoH, lifecycle, and charge/discharge state, feeding health management, risk detection, lifecycle analysis, and anomaly alerts.

Battery health monitoring card
STEP 03

Orders and business systems in sync

The platform doubles as a business mid-platform: built-in CRM, store, campaigns, distribution, and tiered permissions support user ops, growth loops, commission settlement, and city-level expansion.

Battery home
USER · HOME
Order & pay
ORDER · PAY
Refund rollback
REFUND · AUTO
  • CRM · user ops
  • Store · coupons · campaigns
  • Distribution · multi-tier commissions
  • Cities · multi-region permissions
STEP 04

Analytics & AI decision support

Kafka + ClickHouse + Airflow + BI power city-level ops analytics, user behavior analysis, battery dispatch prediction, and peak-load swap forecasting.

Operations dashboard
STEP 05

Live ops & security

Automated alerting, honeypots and security scans, incident response, blue-green deploys, and canary releases drove > 99% uptime, with average incident time dropping from 4 hours to 16 minutes.

Uptime
99.2%
MTTR
16min
Release strategy
Blue · Canary
Alert channels
Webhook · IM
Device trace
DEVICE · TRACE

Geo trace for every vehicle, battery, and cabinet, with sub-second location for offline devices and auto-dispatched work orders.

QPS · peak
30k+
Real-time events
Kafka
Warehouse
ClickHouse
Alerts
<1 min
06 · SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE

Five layers reassemble devices, data, algorithms, business, applications
into one real-time network.

IoT and data sit at the base. Business and algorithms close the loop in the middle. The application layer simply hands capability to operators and users.

L5 · Application
Application
User platformCRMStoreOps console
── upstream
L4 · Business
Business
Order systemCommission systemCampaignsMulti-city ops management
── upstream
L3 · Algorithm
Algorithm
Battery health analysisDispatch predictionRisk alertsBI analytics
── upstream
L2 · Data
Data
KafkaClickHouseAirflowUser data / battery state pool
── upstream
L1 · IoT Edge
IoT edge
Swap cabinetsBattery BMSIoT gatewayPrivate protocol · real-time command system
── upstream
↑ Data / state upstream↓ Commands / config downstream
TECH STACK
KafkaClickHouseAirflowMQTTTCP/PrivateBI StudioBlue/GreenCanary
KEY DECISIONS
  • Co-designed the comms protocol with hardware vendors so even legacy devices without uplink hardware could close the state loop.
  • Async command scheduling plus redundant state checks prevent command queues from stalling at peak.
  • Isolated the data layer so algorithms and BI can consume directly without hitting the business database.
07 · OUTCOMES

In 6 months, peak-hour failure rate dropped to a ninth of its previous level.

Once the platform shipped, scale, system stability, and user experience all moved up together.

Cities covered
0
+8 cities/yr
Active users
0k+
MoM +24%
Daily swap peak
0k
+3.6x YoY
System uptime
0.0%
↑ 12pp
UPTIME · 12-MONTH

12 months of system uptime after launch

Pre-migrationPost-launch
80%85%90%95%100%↑ Platform launchM1M2M3M4M5M6M7M8M9M10M11M12
Peak QPS 30k+Command latency < 200msMTTR cut from 4h → 16min
Swap time
8min3min
-62%
Incident handling
240min16min
-93%
Devices online
12003284
+174%
Daily orders
42k320k
+661%
“

We used to manage devices.
Now the system runs like a city-scale energy network.

— Client EV project lead · Wavesteam delivery retro
FOR WAVESTEAM

This real-time infrastructure also fits:

  • Battery swap stations / shared fleets
  • Industrial manufacturing IoT integration
  • City-scale energy dispatch
  • High-concurrency LBS platforms

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Engineering Delivery

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